Society of Automotive Engineers

These documents are from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). You must pay them a fee to download them. The usual cost is $30 per article. I have listed a number of their papers that will likely be of interest to the supplemental hydrogen industry.

Following the SAE docs is a short list of general references about internal combustion engines.

Allgeier, T., Klenk, M., Landenfeld, T., Conte, E., Boulouchos, K., Czerwinski, J., “Advanced Emission and Fuel Economy Concept Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI Engines,” Publication #2004-01-1270, March, 2004, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces improvements in engine efficiency and emissions.

Apostolescu, N., Chiriac, R., “A Study of Combustion of Hydrogen-Enriched Gasoline in a Spark Ignition Engine,” Publication #960603, February, 1996, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces improvements in engine efficiency and emissions, due to accelerated combustion.

Conte, E., Boulouchos, K., “Influence of Hydrogen-Rich-Gas Addition on Combustion, Pollutant Formation and Efficiency of an IC-SI Engine,” Publication #2004-01-0972, March, 2004, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline results in lower emissions and a significant increase in engine efficiency.

Fontana, G., Galloni, E., Jannelli, E., Minutillo, M., “Performance and Fuel Consumption Estimation of a Hydrogen Enriched Gasoline Engine at Part-Load Operation,” Publication #2002-01-2196, July, 2002, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline increases the flame speed at all gasoline air/fuel ratios, so engine operation at very lean mixtures is possible.

Goldwitz, J., Heywood, J., “Combustion Optimization in a Hydrogen-Enhanced Lean Burn SI Engine,” Publication #2005-01-0251, April, 2005, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline can extend the lean limits of the air/fuel ratio.

Green, J., Bromberg, L., Cohn, D., Rabinovitch, A., Domingo, N., Storey, J., Wagner, R., Armfield, J., ”Experimental Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented By Hydrogen Rich Gas From a Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer,” Publication #2000-01-2206, June, 2000, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline can reduce exhaust emissions and increase efficiency. A large reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions can be achieved without a catalytic converter due to very lean operation under certain conditions.

Henshaw, P., D’Andrea, T., Ting, D., Sobiesiak, A., “Investigating Combustion Enhancement and Emissions Reduction With the Addition of 2H2 + O2 to a SI Engine,” Publication #2003-32-0011, September, 2003, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline resulted in improved engine.

Houseman, J., Cerini, D., “On-Board Hydrogen Generator for a Partial Hydrogen Injection Internal Combustion,” Publication #740600, February, 1974, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• A compact onboard hydrogen generator has been developed for use with a hydrogen-enriched gasoline internal combustion engine.

Jing-ding, L., Ying-ging, L., Tian-shen, D., “An Experimental Study on Combustion of Gasoline-Hydrogen Mixed Fuel,” Publication #830897, April, 1989, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces improvements in engine efficiency and emissions due to accelerated flame speed and combustion rate.

Lang, O., Habermann, K., Thiele, R., Fricke, F., “Gasoline Combustion with Future Fuels,” Publication #2007-26-021, January, 2007, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• This paper describes current and future gasoline combustion systems with emphasis on efficiency improvement and emission reduction.

Shinagawa, T., Okumura, T., Furuno, S., Kim, K., “Effects of Hydrogen Addition to SI Engine on Knock Behavior,” Publication #2004-01-1851, June, 2004, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline reduced knock due to accelerated fuel burn and shortened combustion period.

Sjarstrarm, K., Eriksson, S., Landqvist, G., “Onboard Hydrogen Generation for Hydrogen Injection into Internal Combustion Engines,” Publication #810348, February, 1981, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline showed a potential for very low pollutant emissions with increased energy efficiency.

Stebar, R., Parks, F., “Emission Control with Lean Operation Using Hydrogen-Supplemented Fuel,” Publication #740187, February, 1974, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline resulted in significant efficiency improvements due to the extension of the lean operating limit.

Tully, E., Heywood, J., “Lean-Burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer,” Publication #2003-01-0630, March, 2003, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline extended the lean limit of engine operation, resulting in greater efficiency and reduced emissions, both hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

Conte, E., Boulouchos, K., “A Quasi-Dimensional Model for Estimating the Influence of Hydrogen- Rich Gas Addition on Turbulent Flame Speed and Flame Front Propagation in IC-SI Engines,” Publication #2005-01-0232, April, 2005, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.

• Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces lower emissions due to increased flame speed and resultant accelerated fuel burn.

General References on Internal Combustion Engines

Heywood, J., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill International Editions Automotive Technology Series, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1988.

• This text, by a leading authority in the field, presents a fundamental and factual development of the science and engineering underlying the design of combustion engines and turbines. An extensive illustration program supports the concepts and theories discussed. It is referenced in many of the papers listed in this document.

Lewis, B., Von Elbe, G., Combustion, Flames, and Explosions of Gases, 3rd ed., Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987.

• The fundamental principles of gas combustion are. Extensive diagrams, graphs, photographs, and tables of numerical data are provided. Referenced in the links in this document.

Taylor, C. The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, 2 Vols., 2nd ed., Revised, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985.

• This revised edition of a classic work incorporates changes due to an emphasis on fuel economy and reduced emissions.